Journey of Permanent Life from Primitive

Journey of Permanent Life from Primitive 

Man Jayavir was going with his family from Gandhinagar to Jamnagar by train.  Sitting by the window, he saw trees, bullock carts, camels, rickshaws, buses, trucks, tractors along the way.  He asked his uncle, when did this transportation start?  His uncle put his hand on his back and said that the railway we travel in has been running in India for about one hundred and fifty years and the bullock carts are the oldest of the vehicles you see on the road.  Before that, thousands of years ago, humans had no means of transportation.  They walked from one place to another.  

Primitive Man - 

Wandering Life Primitive man is a man of very old times.  Who lived a nomadic life and spent their time hunting.  This state of the human being is called Hunter and Gatherers.  They hunted wild animals, fish, and birds, such as deer, and collected roots and fruits for food.  Although all this was not easy.  Sometimes wild animals attack primitive humans.  Also, because some animals were so quick to run, they did not easily fall into the hands of the primitive humans, so the primitive humans wandered from place to place in search of food.  Humans at this time gained knowledge of what fruits or tubers to eat and where not to eat because many plants are poisonous and can even lead to human death.  Since animals like deer, sheep and goats can be easily killed, the primitive people used to wander from one place to another to find them.  

Moreover, since water was a necessity of life, they lived where water was available.  Archaeologists, ethnographers and historians have come together to find many of the earliest human settlements in India.  At the same time, they have discovered information about the tools they use.  They used stone and wooden weapons and tools, sometimes even bone tools.  This period is called the Stone Age as humans living a hunter-gatherer and wandering life are associated with stone technology.  

2.1 Stone Age Weapons The stones shown in Figure 2.1 were used to cut plants and tear off the skin of animals.  The primitive people used tree bark and animal skins to cover their bodies.

Look carefully at the places you see on the map.  You will know that there are primitive people living in many places in India.  The map shows a few places but there is evidence of their presence in many places in India.  They prefer to live in places where good and large quantities of stone, wood and water are available.  They lived in natural caves to protect themselves from the rain and wild animals.  Many such places have been found in the Vindhyaparvatmala in Central India.  Such places have also been found in the areas around the river Narmada.  Bhimbetka (Madhya Pradesh) has been found to be an excellent habitat for primitive people.  About 500 paintings of birds, deer, locust spears, trees, humans drawn with primitive man have been found in its caves, painted with natural colors.  

2.3 Bhimbetka's Cave Fire and Chakra Uses and Discoveries: Remains of ashes have been found in a cave of primitive people found in Kurnal, South India, indicating that they may have been familiar with fire.  Man started using fire about 11,000 years ago today.  That is what historians say.  The use of fire revolutionized his life.  Because with the help of fire they could eat fried meat, use fire to get light as well as use it to protect themselves from wild animals.  

Discussed - Can we live without fire even in today's life?  Like the use of fire, the chakra was a means of significant change in his life.  They learned to make wheels from tree trunks and thick wood.  

Changing environment: 

About 12,000 years ago today, the atmosphere around the world underwent a major change.  As temperatures rose in many parts of the world, vegetation and grasslands sprang up.  As a result, the number of herbivores, such as deer, sheep, and goats, has increased.  The primitive people definitely got the benefit of it.  They began to study the habits of such animals and thus their mental development also began.  Due to climate change, they came in contact with grass, trees, plants as well as wheat, barley and other grains.  The stone was used by women, men and children to collect grain.  Out of curiosity, these works gradually introduced agriculture to India.  People started using stone to grow grain.  They started growing grain around the river bank and gradually with the onset of agriculture they started living in mud-mud houses around where the grain was growing and gradually their wandering life came to an end and settled life began.  The first companion or friend of his permanent life was a dog.  Apart from that he was also familiar with animals like sheep - goats and cows - buffaloes, pigs.  Gradually he began to adjust to them as well.  They protect such pets from predators in the wild.  Thus they became involved in farming as well as animal husbandry.  Although research is being done on when he used the animals for milk,

Sustainable life: 

Meals, shelter, apparel The beginning of agriculture and animal husbandry activity transformed the primitive man from a wandering life to a permanent life.  We know that places for agriculture cannot be left behind because the crop takes some time to germinate, it needs water and when the crop is ready the grains have to be cut and the grain extracted from it.  This process ushered in a stable life in India.  He also started making earthen pots to store grain.  Now that the nomadic life has come to an end, there has been a dramatic change in their diet, clothing, and shelter.  In addition to wheat, barley and beef, they ate fish and fruits around their colony.  Mud - Living in mud and grass houses.  Than farming.  Farming implements made from stones.  These include purpi, chisel, toothpick.  The table below shows the places in India where food, shelter, tools and animal remains have been found.  Grain - Housing Tools - Animals (I) |  Wheat, barley, sheep, goats, stone tools Mehrgarh (now Pakistan) 

(2) |  Rice, animal bones Kolihwa (Uttar Pradesh) 

(3) |  Rice, sheep - goats, stone tools Mahagadha (Uttar Pradesh)

 (4) |  Human - Colony, Rhinoceros Landhanj (Gujarat)

 (5) |  Wheat, lentils, dogs, pit houses Burjhom and Gufdal (Kashmir) 

(6) |  Buffaloes, Bullocks, Tools Chirand (Bihar) Sites 

Archaeologists have unearthed information on human settlements and their livestock from Burjhom, Gufkral, Hurangi, Mehrgarh, Landhanj and Bhimbetka, as well as Mehrgarh (now Pakistan) and their home in Mehrgarh (now Pakistan).  They grow grains like barley and millet.  Sharp stone tools were found from places like Mehrgarh and Inamgam. 2.4 There are Mehrgarh which will be used in their agriculture.  Mehrgarh is considered to be the oldest village in India in ancient times.  You see Mehrgarh in the map.  Barley and wheat cultivation started here.  They raise sheep and goats.  Than farming, than storing grain.  The bones of 9 animals have also been found here.  They lived in rectangular dwellings.  Small to store grain in these homes | 

 Small pantries have also been found.  According to the evidence found in Mehrgarh, they were burying the deceased with honor.  Many such evidences have been found here.  Evidence has been found that a goat was buried with a human in one place.  This indicates the idea or belief of his afterlife.  Similarly, a place called Inamgam has been found in Maharashtra.  From where the remains of children's bodies have been found.  They lived in round houses, raised livestock and cooked millet and barley in crops.