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Betula utilis is a birch tree native to the Western
Himalayas, growing at elevations up to 4,500 m (14,800 ft). The specific
epithet, utilis, refers to the many uses of the different parts of the tree. The white, paper-like bark of the tree was
used in ancient times for writing Sanskrit scriptures and texts. It is still
used as paper for the writing of sacred mantras, with the bark placed in an amulet
and worn for protection. Selected
varieties are used for landscaping throughout the world, even while some areas
of its native habitat are being lost due to overuse of the tree for firewood.
Betula utilis was described and named by botanist David Don
in his Prodromus Florae Nepalensis (1825), from specimens collected by
Nathaniel Wallich in Nepal in 1820. Betula jacquemontii (Spach), first described
and named in 1841, was later found to be a variety of B. utilis, and is now
Betula utilis var. jacquemontii.
In its native habitat, B. utilis tends to form forests,
growing as a shrub or tree reaching up to 20 m (66 ft) tall. It frequently
grows among scattered conifers, with an undergrowth of shrubs that typically
includes evergreen Rhododendron. The tree depends on moisture from snowmelt,
rather than from the monsoon rains. They often have very bent growth due to the
pressure of the deep winter snow in the Himalaya.
Leaves are ovate, 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) long, with
serrated margins, and slightly hairy. Flowering occurs from May–July, with only
a few male catkins, and short, single (sometimes paired) female catkins. The
perianth has four parts in male flowers, and is absent in the female flowers.
Fruits ripen in September–October.
The thin, papery bark is very shiny, reddish brown, reddish
white, or white, with horizontal lenticels. The bark peels off in broad,
horizontal belts, making it very usable for creating even large pages for
texts. A fungal growth, locally called bhurja-granthi, forms black lumps on the
tree weighing up to 1 kg.
The wood is very hard and heavy, and quite brittle. The
heartwood is pink or light reddish brown[
SOCIAL SCIENCE STD 6 SEM 1 NEW NCERT UNIT 1 ALL TOPIC VIDEO
SAMAJIK VIGYAN DHORAN 6 SECOND SEM EKAM 1 VIDEO
USEFUL VIDEO FOR UNIT 1 STD 6 SEM 1 SAMAJIK VIGYAN
SOCIAL SCIENCE MATERIAL GUJRATI
SOCIAL SCIENCE NCERT STD 6 VIDEO
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