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Greco-Buddhist art is the artistic manifestation of
Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between the Classical Greek culture and
Buddhism. Greco-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism
and sensuous description of Hellenistic art and the first representations of
the Buddha in human form, which have helped define the artistic (and
particularly, sculptural) canon for Buddhist art throughout the Asian continent
up to the present. It is also a strong example of cultural syncretism between
eastern and western traditions.
The origins of Greco-Buddhist art are to be found in the
Hellenistic Greco-Bactrian kingdom (250–130 BC), located in today’s
Afghanistan, from which Hellenistic culture radiated into the Indian
subcontinent with the establishment of the Indo-Greek kingdom (180–10
BC). Under the Indo-Greeks and then the Kushans, the interaction of
Greek and Buddhist culture flourished in the area of Gandhara, in today’s
northern Pakistan, before spreading further into India, influencing the art of
Mathura, and then the Hindu art of the Gupta empire, which was to extend to the
rest of South-East Asia. The influence of Greco-Buddhist art also spread
northward towards Central Asia, strongly affecting the art of the Tarim Basin,
and ultimately the arts of China, Korea, and Japan.
Powerful Hellenistic states were established in the areas of Bactria
and Sogdiana, and later northern India for three centuries following the
conquests of Alexander the Great around 330
BC, the Seleucid empire until 250
BC, followed by the Greco-Bactrian kingdom until 130 BC, and the Indo-Greek kingdom from 180 BC to around 10 BC.
The clearest
examples of Hellenistic art are found in the coins of the Greco-Bactrian kings
of the period, such as Demetrius I of Bactria. Many coins of the Greco-Bactrian
kings have been unearthed, including the largest silver and gold coins ever
minted in the Hellenistic world, ranking among the best in artistic and
technical sophistication: they "show a degree of individuality never
matched by the often more bland descriptions of their royal contemporaries
further West".
These
Hellenistic kingdoms established cities on the Greek model, such as in
Ai-Khanoum in Bactria, displaying purely Hellenistic architectural features,
Hellenistic statuary, and remains of Aristotelician papyrus prints and coin
hoards.
These Greek
elements penetrated India quite early as shown by the Hellenistic Pataliputra
capital (3rd century BC), but
the influence became especially strong, particularly in northwestern India,
following the invasion of the Greco-Bactrians in 180 BC, when they established the Indo-Greek
kingdom in India. Fortified Greek cities, such as Sirkap in northern Pakistan,
were established. Architectural styles used Hellenistic decorative motifs such
as fruit garland and scrolls. Stone palettes for aromatic oils representing
purely Hellenistic themes such as a Nereid riding a Ketos sea monster are
found.
In Hadda, Hellenistic deities, such as Atlas are
found. Wind gods are depicted, which will affect the representation of wind
deities as far as Japan. Dionysiac scenes represent people in
Classical style drinking wine from amphoras and playing instruments.
SOCIAL SAFAR LATEST ANK 80 PDF DOWNLOAD NOW
SOCIAL SAFAR E MEGEZZINE ANK NO 80 PDF
SOCIAL SAFAR 15 FEBRUARY ANK 80 PDF
SOCIAL SCIENCE MATERIAL
SOCIAL SAFAR LATEST ANK 80 PDF
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